Rkhunter (Rootkit Hunter) is an open source Unix/Linux based scanner tool for Linux systems released under GPL that scans backdoors, rootkits and local exploits on your systems. It scans hidden files, wrong permissions set on binaries, suspicious strings in kernel etc. To know more about Rkhunter and its features visit http://www.rootkit.nl/.
Installation
cd /usr/local/src
wget https://dl.dropbox.com/s/i5sd0ljp6pejhn6/rkhunter-1.4.0.tar.gz
wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/rkhunter/rkhunter/1.4.0/rkhunter-1.4.0.tar.gz
tar -xzvf rkhunter-1.4.0.tar.gz
cd rkhunter-1.4.0
./installer.sh --install
rkhunter --check
echo "Rkhunter successfully installed!"
log : /var/log/rkhunter.log
To update it
=========
rkhunter --update
rkhunter --propupd
=========
set crontab to scan and email the report
#!/bin/sh
(
/usr/local/bin/rkhunter --versioncheck
/usr/local/bin/rkhunter --update
/usr/local/bin/rkhunter --cronjob --report-warnings-only
) | /bin/mail -s 'rkhunter Daily Run (PutYourServerNameHere)' your@email.com
Saturday, February 9, 2013
CHKRootKit –Detects hacker software and notifies via email
Please keep in mind that, you can use chkrootkit to find the files and processes associated with a rootkit, but you can’t be 100% sure that all pieces of rootkits are found and removed. You can safeguard your system from rootkits by ensuring that all applications and softwares are up-to-date and the system kept patched against all known vulnerabilities.
cd /usr/local/src
wget https://dl.dropbox.com/s/4rmbi1dmifn4si2/chkrootkit.tar.gz
wget ftp://ftp.pangeia.com.br/pub/seg/pac/chkrootkit.tar.gz
tar -xvzf chkrootkit.tar.gz
cd chkrootkit-*/
make sense
./chkrootkit
cd ..
echo "CHRootKit has been installed!"
Enable Automatic Server Scanning
You can add a cron entry for running chkrootkit automatically and send a scan report to your mail address. Create and add the following entries to “/etc/cron.daily/chkrootkit.sh”
#!/bin/sh
(
/usr/local/chkrootkit/chkrootkit
) | /bin/mail -s ‘CHROOTKIT Daily Run (ServerName)’ your@email.com
cd /usr/local/src
wget https://dl.dropbox.com/s/4rmbi1dmifn4si2/chkrootkit.tar.gz
wget ftp://ftp.pangeia.com.br/pub/seg/pac/chkrootkit.tar.gz
tar -xvzf chkrootkit.tar.gz
cd chkrootkit-*/
make sense
./chkrootkit
cd ..
echo "CHRootKit has been installed!"
Enable Automatic Server Scanning
You can add a cron entry for running chkrootkit automatically and send a scan report to your mail address. Create and add the following entries to “/etc/cron.daily/chkrootkit.sh”
#!/bin/sh
(
/usr/local/chkrootkit/chkrootkit
) | /bin/mail -s ‘CHROOTKIT Daily Run (ServerName)’ your@email.com
Tuesday, February 5, 2013
Creating custom php.ini for needed users
If you have a site on your cPanel VPS that needs a custom php.ini file, you can set that up by following these steps:
1,Copy /usr/local/lib/php.ini to the site's Web root folder (public_html).
>cp /usr/local/lib/php.ini /home/USERNAME/public_html
2,Make sure the file is owned by their cPanel user
>chown USERNAME:USERNAME php.ini
3,Add the following to the site's ".htaccess" file
SetEnv PHPRC /home/USERNAME/public_html/php.ini
or
suPHP_conf /home/user/someplace/php.ini
Custom Values should be added in .htaccess in a format as shown in example below
php_value memory_limit 128M
php_value max_execution_time 3600
php_value post_max_size 5M
php_value upload_max_filesize 5M
1,Copy /usr/local/lib/php.ini to the site's Web root folder (public_html).
>cp /usr/local/lib/php.ini /home/USERNAME/public_html
2,Make sure the file is owned by their cPanel user
>chown USERNAME:USERNAME php.ini
3,Add the following to the site's ".htaccess" file
SetEnv PHPRC /home/USERNAME/public_html/php.ini
or
suPHP_conf /home/user/someplace/php.ini
Custom Values should be added in .htaccess in a format as shown in example below
php_value memory_limit 128M
php_value max_execution_time 3600
php_value post_max_size 5M
php_value upload_max_filesize 5M
Updating mysql user password
root#mysql
mysql> use mysql;
mysql>
SET PASSWORD FOR 'user-name-here'@'hostname-name-here' = PASSWORD('new-password-here');
or
UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('new-password-here') WHERE User='user-name-here' AND Host='host-name-here';
mysql>flush privileges
mysql>quit
Now restart mysqld
mysql> use mysql;
mysql>
SET PASSWORD FOR 'user-name-here'@'hostname-name-here' = PASSWORD('new-password-here');
or
UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('new-password-here') WHERE User='user-name-here' AND Host='host-name-here';
mysql>flush privileges
mysql>quit
Now restart mysqld
Thursday, January 24, 2013
Find Command variants
1. Find Files Using Name in Current Directory
Find all the files whose name is server.txt in a current working directory.
# find . -name server.txt
./server.txt
2. Find Files Under Home Directory
Find all the files under /home directory with name server.txt.
# find /home -name server.txt
/home/server.txt
3. Find Files Using Name and Ignoring Case
Find all the files whose name is server.txt and contains both capital and small letters in /home directory.
# find /home -iname server.txt
./server.txt
./server.txt
4. Find Directories Using Name
Find all directories whose name is server in / directory.
# find / -type d -name server
/server
5. Find PHP Files Using Name
Find all php files whose name is server.php in a current working directory.
# find . -type f -name server.php
./server.php
6. Find all PHP Files in Directory
Find all php files in a directory.
# find . -type f -name "*.php"
./server.php
./login.php
./index.php
Part II – Find Files Based on their Permissions
7. Find Files With 777 Permissions
Find all the files whose permissions are 777.
# find . -type f -perm 0777 -print
8. Find Files Without 777 Permissions
Find all the files without permission 777.
# find / -type f ! -perm 777
9. Find SGID Files with 644 Permissions
Find all the SGID bit files whose permissions set to 644.
# find / -perm 2644
10. Find Sticky Bit Files with 551 Permissions
Find all the Sticky Bit set files whose permission are 551.
# find / -perm 1551
11. Find SUID Files
Find all SUID set files.
# find / -perm /u=s
12. Find SGID Files
Find all SGID set files.
# find / -perm /g+s
13. Find Read Only Files
Find all Read Only files.
# find / -perm /u=r
14. Find Executable Files
Find all Executable files.
# find / -perm /a=x
15. Find Files with 777 Permissions and Chmod to 644
Find all 777 permission files and use chmod command to set permissions to 644.
# find / -type f -perm 0777 -print -exec chmod 644 {} \;
16. Find Directories with 777 Permissions and Chmod to 755
Find all 777 permission directories and use chmod command to set permissions to 755.
# find / -type d -perm 777 -print -exec chmod 755 {} \;
17. Find and remove single File
To find a single file called server.txt and remove it.
# find . -type f -name "server.txt" -exec rm -f {} \;
18. Find and remove Multiple File
To find and remove multiple files such as .mp3 or .txt, then use.
# find . -type f -name "*.txt" -exec rm -f {} \;
OR
# find . -type f -name "*.mp3" -exec rm -f {} \;
19. Find all Empty Files
To file all empty files under certain path.
# find /tmp -type f -empty
20. Find all Empty Directories
To file all empty directories under certain path.
# find /tmp -type d -empty
21. File all Hidden Files
To find all hidden files, use below command.
# find /tmp -type f -name ".*"
Part III – Search Files Based On Owners and Groups
22. Find Single File Based on User
To find all or single file called server.txt under /root directory of owner root.
# find / -user root -name server.txt
23. Find all Files Based on User
To find all files that belongs to user server under /home directory.
# find /home -user server
24. Find all Files Based on Group
To find all files that belongs to group Developer under /home directory.
# find /home -group developer
25. Find Particular Files of User
To find all .txt files of user server under /home directory.
# find /home -user server -iname "*.txt"
Part IV – Find Files and Directories Based on Date and Time
26. Find Last 50 Days Modified Files
To find all the files which are modified 50 days back.
# find / -mtime 50
27. Find Last 50 Days Accessed Files
To find all the files which are accessed 50 days back.
# find / -atime 50
28. Find Last 50-100 Days Modified Files
To find all the files which are modified more than 50 days back and less than 100 days.
# find / -mtime +50 –mtime -100
29. Find Changed Files in Last 1 Hour
To find all the files which are changed in last 1 hour.
# find / -cmin -60
30. Find Modified Files in Last 1 Hour
To find all the files which are modified in last 1 hour.
# find / -mmin -60
31. Find Accessed Files in Last 1 Hour
To find all the files which are accessed in last 1 hour.
# find / -amin -60
Part V – Find Files and Directories Based on Size
32. Find 50MB Files
To find all 50MB files, use.
# find / -size 50M
33. Find Size between 50MB – 100MB
To find all the files which are greater than 50MB and less than 100MB.
# find / -size +50M -size -100M
34. Find and Delete 100MB Files
To find all 100MB files and delete them using one single command.
# find / -size +100M -exec rm -rf {} \;
35. Find Specific Files and Delete
Find all .mp3 files with more than 10MB and delete them using one single command.
# find / -type f -name *.mp3 -size +10M -exec ls -l {} \;
Find all empty files (zero byte file) in your home directory and its subdirectory
Most files of the following command output will be lock-files and place holders created by other applications.
# find ~ -empty
List all the empty files only in your home directory.
# find . -maxdepth 1 -empty
List only the non-hidden empty files only in the current directory.
# find . -maxdepth 1 -empty -not -name ".*"
Find all the files whose name is server.txt in a current working directory.
# find . -name server.txt
./server.txt
2. Find Files Under Home Directory
Find all the files under /home directory with name server.txt.
# find /home -name server.txt
/home/server.txt
3. Find Files Using Name and Ignoring Case
Find all the files whose name is server.txt and contains both capital and small letters in /home directory.
# find /home -iname server.txt
./server.txt
./server.txt
4. Find Directories Using Name
Find all directories whose name is server in / directory.
# find / -type d -name server
/server
5. Find PHP Files Using Name
Find all php files whose name is server.php in a current working directory.
# find . -type f -name server.php
./server.php
6. Find all PHP Files in Directory
Find all php files in a directory.
# find . -type f -name "*.php"
./server.php
./login.php
./index.php
Part II – Find Files Based on their Permissions
7. Find Files With 777 Permissions
Find all the files whose permissions are 777.
# find . -type f -perm 0777 -print
8. Find Files Without 777 Permissions
Find all the files without permission 777.
# find / -type f ! -perm 777
9. Find SGID Files with 644 Permissions
Find all the SGID bit files whose permissions set to 644.
# find / -perm 2644
10. Find Sticky Bit Files with 551 Permissions
Find all the Sticky Bit set files whose permission are 551.
# find / -perm 1551
11. Find SUID Files
Find all SUID set files.
# find / -perm /u=s
12. Find SGID Files
Find all SGID set files.
# find / -perm /g+s
13. Find Read Only Files
Find all Read Only files.
# find / -perm /u=r
14. Find Executable Files
Find all Executable files.
# find / -perm /a=x
15. Find Files with 777 Permissions and Chmod to 644
Find all 777 permission files and use chmod command to set permissions to 644.
# find / -type f -perm 0777 -print -exec chmod 644 {} \;
16. Find Directories with 777 Permissions and Chmod to 755
Find all 777 permission directories and use chmod command to set permissions to 755.
# find / -type d -perm 777 -print -exec chmod 755 {} \;
17. Find and remove single File
To find a single file called server.txt and remove it.
# find . -type f -name "server.txt" -exec rm -f {} \;
18. Find and remove Multiple File
To find and remove multiple files such as .mp3 or .txt, then use.
# find . -type f -name "*.txt" -exec rm -f {} \;
OR
# find . -type f -name "*.mp3" -exec rm -f {} \;
19. Find all Empty Files
To file all empty files under certain path.
# find /tmp -type f -empty
20. Find all Empty Directories
To file all empty directories under certain path.
# find /tmp -type d -empty
21. File all Hidden Files
To find all hidden files, use below command.
# find /tmp -type f -name ".*"
Part III – Search Files Based On Owners and Groups
22. Find Single File Based on User
To find all or single file called server.txt under /root directory of owner root.
# find / -user root -name server.txt
23. Find all Files Based on User
To find all files that belongs to user server under /home directory.
# find /home -user server
24. Find all Files Based on Group
To find all files that belongs to group Developer under /home directory.
# find /home -group developer
25. Find Particular Files of User
To find all .txt files of user server under /home directory.
# find /home -user server -iname "*.txt"
Part IV – Find Files and Directories Based on Date and Time
26. Find Last 50 Days Modified Files
To find all the files which are modified 50 days back.
# find / -mtime 50
27. Find Last 50 Days Accessed Files
To find all the files which are accessed 50 days back.
# find / -atime 50
28. Find Last 50-100 Days Modified Files
To find all the files which are modified more than 50 days back and less than 100 days.
# find / -mtime +50 –mtime -100
29. Find Changed Files in Last 1 Hour
To find all the files which are changed in last 1 hour.
# find / -cmin -60
30. Find Modified Files in Last 1 Hour
To find all the files which are modified in last 1 hour.
# find / -mmin -60
31. Find Accessed Files in Last 1 Hour
To find all the files which are accessed in last 1 hour.
# find / -amin -60
Part V – Find Files and Directories Based on Size
32. Find 50MB Files
To find all 50MB files, use.
# find / -size 50M
33. Find Size between 50MB – 100MB
To find all the files which are greater than 50MB and less than 100MB.
# find / -size +50M -size -100M
34. Find and Delete 100MB Files
To find all 100MB files and delete them using one single command.
# find / -size +100M -exec rm -rf {} \;
35. Find Specific Files and Delete
Find all .mp3 files with more than 10MB and delete them using one single command.
# find / -type f -name *.mp3 -size +10M -exec ls -l {} \;
Find all empty files (zero byte file) in your home directory and its subdirectory
Most files of the following command output will be lock-files and place holders created by other applications.
# find ~ -empty
List all the empty files only in your home directory.
# find . -maxdepth 1 -empty
List only the non-hidden empty files only in the current directory.
# find . -maxdepth 1 -empty -not -name ".*"
‘df‘ command stand for linux “disk filesystem“
Linux has a strong built in utility called ‘df‘. The ‘df‘ command stand for “disk filesystem“, it is used to get full summary of available and used disk space usage of file system on Linux system.
Using ‘-h‘ parameter with (df -h) will shows the file system disk space statistics in “human readable” format, means it gives the details in bytes, mega bytes and gigabyte.
How to Check Disk Space in Linux
Useful df Command Examples
This article explain a way to get the full information of Linux disk space usage with the help of ‘df‘ command with their practical examples. So, you could better understand the usage of df command in Linux.
1. Check File System Disk Space Usage
The “df” command displays the information of device name, total blocks, total disk space, used disk space, available disk space and mount points on a file system.
[root@tecmint ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 78361192 23185840 51130588 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24797380 22273432 1243972 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29753588 25503792 2713984 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 295561 21531 258770 8% /boot
tmpfs 257476 0 257476 0% /dev/shm
2. Display Information of all File System Disk Space Usage
The same as above, but it also displays information of dummy file systems along with all the file system disk usage and their memory utilization.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -a
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 78361192 23186116 51130312 32% /
proc 0 0 0 - /proc
sysfs 0 0 0 - /sys
devpts 0 0 0 - /dev/pts
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24797380 22273432 1243972 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29753588 25503792 2713984 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 295561 21531 258770 8% /boot
tmpfs 257476 0 257476 0% /dev/shm
none 0 0 0 - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
sunrpc 0 0 0 - /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs
3. Show Disk Space Usage in Human Readable Format
Have you noticed that above commands displays information in bytes, which is not readable yet all, because we are in a habit of reading the sizes in megabytes, gigabytes etc. as it makes very easy to understand and remember.
The df command provides an option to display sizes in Human Readable formats by using ‘-h’ (prints the results in human readable format (e.g., 1K 2M 3G)).
[root@tecmint ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 75G 23G 49G 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24G 22G 1.2G 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29G 25G 2.6G 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 289M 22M 253M 8% /boot
tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
4. Display Information of /home File System
To see the information of only device /home file system in human readable format use the following command.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -hT /home
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 ext3 24G 22G 1.2G 95% /home
5. Display Information of File System in Bytes
To display all file system information and usage in 1024-byte blocks, use the option ‘-k‘ (e.g. –block-size=1K) as follows.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -k
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 78361192 23187212 51129216 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24797380 22273432 1243972 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29753588 25503792 2713984 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 295561 21531 258770 8% /boot
tmpfs 257476 0 257476 0% /dev/shm
6. Display Information of File System in MB
To display information of all file system usage in MB (Mega Byte) use the option as ‘-m‘.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -m
Filesystem 1M-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 76525 22644 49931 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24217 21752 1215 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29057 24907 2651 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 289 22 253 8% /boot
tmpfs 252 0 252 0% /dev/shm
7. Display Information of File System in GB
To display information of all file system statistics in GB (Gigabyte) use the option as ‘df -h‘.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 75G 23G 49G 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24G 22G 1.2G 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29G 25G 2.6G 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 289M 22M 253M 8% /boot
tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
8. Display File System Inodes
Using ‘-i‘ switch will display the information of number of used inodes and their percentage for the file system.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -i
Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 20230848 133143 20097705 1% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 6403712 798613 5605099 13% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 7685440 1388241 6297199 19% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 76304 40 76264 1% /boot
tmpfs 64369 1 64368 1% /dev/shm
9. Display File System Type
If you notice all the above commands output, you will see there is no file system type mentioned in the results. To check the file system type of your system use the option ‘T‘. It will display file system type along with other information.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -T
Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 ext3 78361192 23188812 51127616 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 ext3 24797380 22273432 1243972 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 ext3 29753588 25503792 2713984 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 ext3 295561 21531 258770 8% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 257476 0 257476 0% /dev/shm
10. Include Certain File System Type
If you want to display certain file system type use the ‘-t‘ option. For example, the following command will only display ext3 file system.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -t ext3
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 78361192 23190072 51126356 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24797380 22273432 1243972 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29753588 25503792 2713984 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 295561 21531 258770 8% /boot
11. Exclude Certain File System Type
If you want to display file system type that doesn’t belongs to ext3 type use the option as ‘-x‘. For example, the following command will only display other file systems types other than ext3.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -x ext3
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
tmpfs 257476 0 257476 0% /dev/shm
=====================
[root@tecmint ~]# df
[root@tecmint ~]# df -h
[root@tecmint ~]# df -a
[root@tecmint ~]# df -hT /home
[root@tecmint ~]# df -k
[root@tecmint ~]# df -m
[root@tecmint ~]# df -h
[root@tecmint ~]# df -i
[root@tecmint ~]# df -T
[root@tecmint ~]# df -t ext3
[root@tecmint ~]# df -x ext3
[root@tecmint ~]# df -aihT
=====================
Using ‘-h‘ parameter with (df -h) will shows the file system disk space statistics in “human readable” format, means it gives the details in bytes, mega bytes and gigabyte.
How to Check Disk Space in Linux
Useful df Command Examples
This article explain a way to get the full information of Linux disk space usage with the help of ‘df‘ command with their practical examples. So, you could better understand the usage of df command in Linux.
1. Check File System Disk Space Usage
The “df” command displays the information of device name, total blocks, total disk space, used disk space, available disk space and mount points on a file system.
[root@tecmint ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 78361192 23185840 51130588 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24797380 22273432 1243972 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29753588 25503792 2713984 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 295561 21531 258770 8% /boot
tmpfs 257476 0 257476 0% /dev/shm
2. Display Information of all File System Disk Space Usage
The same as above, but it also displays information of dummy file systems along with all the file system disk usage and their memory utilization.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -a
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 78361192 23186116 51130312 32% /
proc 0 0 0 - /proc
sysfs 0 0 0 - /sys
devpts 0 0 0 - /dev/pts
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24797380 22273432 1243972 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29753588 25503792 2713984 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 295561 21531 258770 8% /boot
tmpfs 257476 0 257476 0% /dev/shm
none 0 0 0 - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
sunrpc 0 0 0 - /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs
3. Show Disk Space Usage in Human Readable Format
Have you noticed that above commands displays information in bytes, which is not readable yet all, because we are in a habit of reading the sizes in megabytes, gigabytes etc. as it makes very easy to understand and remember.
The df command provides an option to display sizes in Human Readable formats by using ‘-h’ (prints the results in human readable format (e.g., 1K 2M 3G)).
[root@tecmint ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 75G 23G 49G 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24G 22G 1.2G 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29G 25G 2.6G 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 289M 22M 253M 8% /boot
tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
4. Display Information of /home File System
To see the information of only device /home file system in human readable format use the following command.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -hT /home
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 ext3 24G 22G 1.2G 95% /home
5. Display Information of File System in Bytes
To display all file system information and usage in 1024-byte blocks, use the option ‘-k‘ (e.g. –block-size=1K) as follows.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -k
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 78361192 23187212 51129216 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24797380 22273432 1243972 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29753588 25503792 2713984 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 295561 21531 258770 8% /boot
tmpfs 257476 0 257476 0% /dev/shm
6. Display Information of File System in MB
To display information of all file system usage in MB (Mega Byte) use the option as ‘-m‘.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -m
Filesystem 1M-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 76525 22644 49931 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24217 21752 1215 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29057 24907 2651 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 289 22 253 8% /boot
tmpfs 252 0 252 0% /dev/shm
7. Display Information of File System in GB
To display information of all file system statistics in GB (Gigabyte) use the option as ‘df -h‘.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 75G 23G 49G 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24G 22G 1.2G 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29G 25G 2.6G 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 289M 22M 253M 8% /boot
tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
8. Display File System Inodes
Using ‘-i‘ switch will display the information of number of used inodes and their percentage for the file system.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -i
Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 20230848 133143 20097705 1% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 6403712 798613 5605099 13% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 7685440 1388241 6297199 19% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 76304 40 76264 1% /boot
tmpfs 64369 1 64368 1% /dev/shm
9. Display File System Type
If you notice all the above commands output, you will see there is no file system type mentioned in the results. To check the file system type of your system use the option ‘T‘. It will display file system type along with other information.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -T
Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 ext3 78361192 23188812 51127616 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 ext3 24797380 22273432 1243972 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 ext3 29753588 25503792 2713984 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 ext3 295561 21531 258770 8% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 257476 0 257476 0% /dev/shm
10. Include Certain File System Type
If you want to display certain file system type use the ‘-t‘ option. For example, the following command will only display ext3 file system.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -t ext3
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 78361192 23190072 51126356 32% /
/dev/cciss/c0d0p5 24797380 22273432 1243972 95% /home
/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 29753588 25503792 2713984 91% /data
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 295561 21531 258770 8% /boot
11. Exclude Certain File System Type
If you want to display file system type that doesn’t belongs to ext3 type use the option as ‘-x‘. For example, the following command will only display other file systems types other than ext3.
[root@tecmint ~]# df -x ext3
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
tmpfs 257476 0 257476 0% /dev/shm
=====================
[root@tecmint ~]# df
[root@tecmint ~]# df -h
[root@tecmint ~]# df -a
[root@tecmint ~]# df -hT /home
[root@tecmint ~]# df -k
[root@tecmint ~]# df -m
[root@tecmint ~]# df -h
[root@tecmint ~]# df -i
[root@tecmint ~]# df -T
[root@tecmint ~]# df -t ext3
[root@tecmint ~]# df -x ext3
[root@tecmint ~]# df -aihT
=====================
(Disk Usage) “du” is a standard Unix/Linux command
The Linux “du” (Disk Usage) is a standard Unix/Linux command, used to check the information of disk usage of files and directories on a machine. The du command has many parameter options that can be used to get the results in many formats. The du command also displays the files and directory sizes in a recursively manner.
Check Disk Usage In Linux
Check Disk Usage of Files and Folders In Linux
1. To find out the disk usage summary of a /home/server directory tree and each of its sub directories. Enter the command as:
[root@]# du /home/server
40 /home/server/downloads
4 /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4 /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12 /home/server/.mozilla
12 /home/server/.ssh
689112 /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
689360 /home/server
The output of the above command displays the number of disk blocks in the /home/server directory along with its sub-directories.
2. Using “-h” option with “du” command provides results in “Human Readable Format“. Means you can see sizes in Bytes, Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes etc.
[root@server]# du -h /home/server
40K /home/server/downloads
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12K /home/server/.mozilla
12K /home/server/.ssh
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
674M /home/server
3. To get the summary of a grand total disk usage size of an directory use the option “-s” as follows.
[root@server]# du -sh /home/server
674M /home/server
4. Using “-a” flag with “du” command displays the disk usage of all the files and directories.
[root@server]# du -a /home/server
4 /home/server/.bash_logout
12 /home/server/downloads/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
24 /home/server/downloads/Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2
40 /home/server/downloads
12 /home/server/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
4 /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4 /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12 /home/server/.mozilla
4 /home/server/.bashrc
689108 /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10/ubuntu-12.10-server-i386.iso
689112 /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
689360 /home/server
5. Using “-a” flag along with “-h” displays disk usage of all files and folders in human readeable format. The below output is more easy to understand as it shows the files in Kilobytes, Megabytes etc.
[root@server]# du -ah /home/server
4.0K /home/server/.bash_logout
12K /home/server/downloads/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
24K /home/server/downloads/Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2
40K /home/server/downloads
12K /home/server/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12K /home/server/.mozilla
4.0K /home/server/.bashrc
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10/ubuntu-12.10-server-i386.iso
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
674M /home/server
6. Find out the disk usage of a directory tree with its subtress in Kilobyte blcoks. Use the “-k” (displays size in 1024 bytes units).
[root@server]# du -k /home/server
40 /home/server/downloads
4 /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4 /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12 /home/server/.mozilla
12 /home/server/.ssh
689112 /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
689360 /home/server
7. To get the summary of disk usage of directory tree along with its subtrees in Megabytes (MB) only. Use the option “-mh” as follows. The “-m” flag counts the blocks in MB units and “-h” stands for human readable format.
[root@server]# du -mh /home/server
40K /home/server/downloads
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12K /home/server/.mozilla
12K /home/server/.ssh
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
674M /home/server
8. The “-c” flag provides a grand total usage disk space at the last line. If your directory taken 674MB space, then the last last two line of the output would be.
[root@server]# du -ch /home/server
40K /home/server/downloads
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12K /home/server/.mozilla
12K /home/server/.ssh
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
674M /home/server
674M total
9. The below command calculates and displays the disk usage of all files and directories, but excludes the files that matches given pattern. The below command excludes the “.txt” files while calculating the total size of diretory. So, this way you can exclude any file formats by using flag “-–exclude“. See the output there is no txt files entry.
[root@server]# du -ah --exclude="*.txt" /home/server
4.0K /home/server/.bash_logout
12K /home/server/downloads/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
24K /home/server/downloads/Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2
40K /home/server/downloads
12K /home/server/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
4.0K /home/server/.bash_history
4.0K /home/server/.bash_profile
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12K /home/server/.mozilla
4.0K /home/server/.bashrc
24K /home/server/Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2
4.0K /home/server/geoipupdate.sh
4.0K /home/server/.zshrc
120K /home/server/goaccess-0.4.2.tar.gz.1
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10/ubuntu-12.10-server-i386.iso
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
674M /home/server
10. Display the disk usage based on modification of time, use the flag “–time” as shown below.
[root@server]# du -ha --time /home/server
4.0K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.bash_logout
12K 2013-01-19 18:48 /home/server/downloads/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
24K 2013-01-19 18:48 /home/server/downloads/Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2
40K 2013-01-19 18:48 /home/server/downloads
12K 2013-01-19 18:32 /home/server/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
4.0K 2012-10-13 00:11 /home/server/.bash_history
4.0K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.bash_profile
0 2013-01-19 18:32 /home/server/xyz.txt
0 2013-01-19 18:32 /home/server/abc.txt
4.0K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4.0K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.mozilla
4.0K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.bashrc
24K 2013-01-19 18:32 /home/server/Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2
4.0K 2013-01-19 18:32 /home/server/geoipupdate.sh
4.0K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.zshrc
120K 2013-01-19 18:32 /home/server/goaccess-0.4.2.tar.gz.1
673M 2013-01-19 18:51 /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10/ubuntu-12.10-server-i386.iso
673M 2013-01-19 18:51 /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
674M 2013-01-19 18:52 /home/server
=================
[root@server]# du /home/server
[root@server]# du -h /home/server
[root@server]# du -sh /home/server
[root@server]# du -a /home/server
[root@server]# du -ah /home/server
[root@server]# du -k /home/server
[root@server]# du -mh /home/server
[root@server]# du -ch /home/server
[root@server]# du -ah --exclude="*.txt" /home/server
[root@server]# du -ha --time /home/server
[root@server]# du -sach *
=================
Check Disk Usage In Linux
Check Disk Usage of Files and Folders In Linux
1. To find out the disk usage summary of a /home/server directory tree and each of its sub directories. Enter the command as:
[root@]# du /home/server
40 /home/server/downloads
4 /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4 /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12 /home/server/.mozilla
12 /home/server/.ssh
689112 /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
689360 /home/server
The output of the above command displays the number of disk blocks in the /home/server directory along with its sub-directories.
2. Using “-h” option with “du” command provides results in “Human Readable Format“. Means you can see sizes in Bytes, Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes etc.
[root@server]# du -h /home/server
40K /home/server/downloads
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12K /home/server/.mozilla
12K /home/server/.ssh
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
674M /home/server
3. To get the summary of a grand total disk usage size of an directory use the option “-s” as follows.
[root@server]# du -sh /home/server
674M /home/server
4. Using “-a” flag with “du” command displays the disk usage of all the files and directories.
[root@server]# du -a /home/server
4 /home/server/.bash_logout
12 /home/server/downloads/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
24 /home/server/downloads/Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2
40 /home/server/downloads
12 /home/server/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
4 /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4 /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12 /home/server/.mozilla
4 /home/server/.bashrc
689108 /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10/ubuntu-12.10-server-i386.iso
689112 /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
689360 /home/server
5. Using “-a” flag along with “-h” displays disk usage of all files and folders in human readeable format. The below output is more easy to understand as it shows the files in Kilobytes, Megabytes etc.
[root@server]# du -ah /home/server
4.0K /home/server/.bash_logout
12K /home/server/downloads/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
24K /home/server/downloads/Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2
40K /home/server/downloads
12K /home/server/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12K /home/server/.mozilla
4.0K /home/server/.bashrc
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10/ubuntu-12.10-server-i386.iso
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
674M /home/server
6. Find out the disk usage of a directory tree with its subtress in Kilobyte blcoks. Use the “-k” (displays size in 1024 bytes units).
[root@server]# du -k /home/server
40 /home/server/downloads
4 /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4 /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12 /home/server/.mozilla
12 /home/server/.ssh
689112 /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
689360 /home/server
7. To get the summary of disk usage of directory tree along with its subtrees in Megabytes (MB) only. Use the option “-mh” as follows. The “-m” flag counts the blocks in MB units and “-h” stands for human readable format.
[root@server]# du -mh /home/server
40K /home/server/downloads
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12K /home/server/.mozilla
12K /home/server/.ssh
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
674M /home/server
8. The “-c” flag provides a grand total usage disk space at the last line. If your directory taken 674MB space, then the last last two line of the output would be.
[root@server]# du -ch /home/server
40K /home/server/downloads
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12K /home/server/.mozilla
12K /home/server/.ssh
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
674M /home/server
674M total
9. The below command calculates and displays the disk usage of all files and directories, but excludes the files that matches given pattern. The below command excludes the “.txt” files while calculating the total size of diretory. So, this way you can exclude any file formats by using flag “-–exclude“. See the output there is no txt files entry.
[root@server]# du -ah --exclude="*.txt" /home/server
4.0K /home/server/.bash_logout
12K /home/server/downloads/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
24K /home/server/downloads/Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2
40K /home/server/downloads
12K /home/server/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
4.0K /home/server/.bash_history
4.0K /home/server/.bash_profile
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4.0K /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12K /home/server/.mozilla
4.0K /home/server/.bashrc
24K /home/server/Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2
4.0K /home/server/geoipupdate.sh
4.0K /home/server/.zshrc
120K /home/server/goaccess-0.4.2.tar.gz.1
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10/ubuntu-12.10-server-i386.iso
673M /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
674M /home/server
10. Display the disk usage based on modification of time, use the flag “–time” as shown below.
[root@server]# du -ha --time /home/server
4.0K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.bash_logout
12K 2013-01-19 18:48 /home/server/downloads/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
24K 2013-01-19 18:48 /home/server/downloads/Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2
40K 2013-01-19 18:48 /home/server/downloads
12K 2013-01-19 18:32 /home/server/uploadprogress-1.0.3.1.tgz
4.0K 2012-10-13 00:11 /home/server/.bash_history
4.0K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.bash_profile
0 2013-01-19 18:32 /home/server/xyz.txt
0 2013-01-19 18:32 /home/server/abc.txt
4.0K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.mozilla/plugins
4.0K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.mozilla/extensions
12K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.mozilla
4.0K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.bashrc
24K 2013-01-19 18:32 /home/server/Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2
4.0K 2013-01-19 18:32 /home/server/geoipupdate.sh
4.0K 2012-10-12 22:32 /home/server/.zshrc
120K 2013-01-19 18:32 /home/server/goaccess-0.4.2.tar.gz.1
673M 2013-01-19 18:51 /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10/ubuntu-12.10-server-i386.iso
673M 2013-01-19 18:51 /home/server/Ubuntu-12.10
674M 2013-01-19 18:52 /home/server
=================
[root@server]# du /home/server
[root@server]# du -h /home/server
[root@server]# du -sh /home/server
[root@server]# du -a /home/server
[root@server]# du -ah /home/server
[root@server]# du -k /home/server
[root@server]# du -mh /home/server
[root@server]# du -ch /home/server
[root@server]# du -ah --exclude="*.txt" /home/server
[root@server]# du -ha --time /home/server
[root@server]# du -sach *
=================
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